Learning will enrich your knowledge, enabling you to soar high and achieve your maximum potential in life; the sky is the limit.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It is a well-coordinated and planned cell death procedure. It is a natural process that is under genetic control.
Apoptosis is different from necrosis.
Apoptosis is derived from the Greek word meaning the falling of leaves from trees or petals. Apo is a prefix meaning “away from,” and ptosis means “falling.”
Physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms. It is divided into many branches.
Physiology is derived from a Greek word with a Latin equivalent, Physiologia, meaning “natural knowledge”. Physiology is the branch of science that deals with the functions of the body and how these functions occur and are controlled. It also describes which organs initiate and maintain these functions.
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located superficially in the neck. It consists of two lobes, the right and left lobes, connected in the lower two-thirds by a thin band of tissue known as the isthmus.
The study of human physiology has been ongoing for time immemorial. The first authentic available record is found in the Sushruta Samhita and Charak Samhita, dating back to around 600 BCE. They proposed that vata, pitta, and kapha regulate the body’s functions.
Bile is a physiological fluid that is dark green to yellowish-brown in color and produced by the liver.
In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver and drained by bile canaliculi to the right and left hepatic ducts. The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct from the gall bladder joins the common hepatic duct and forms the common bile duct.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. The amount of total body calcium ranges from 1100 to 1200 g, out of which 99% is present in the skeleton, and the remaining 1% is in the tissue and body fluids.
The gut-brain axis is the biochemical signaling between the GIT and the CNS. This complex communication system ensures the proper maintenance of gastrointestinal homeostasis and has multiple effects on motivation and higher cognitive functions.
Gastrointestinal hormones are biologically active polypeptides secreted from the endocrine cells of the GIT mucosa. These hormones enter the portal circulation, then flow into the systemic circulation, and finally reach the target tissue. Some gastrointestinal hormones also function as paracrine and autocrine hormones to regulate gastrointestinal (GI) functions. They are chemical messengers.
The complement system is crucial in the body’s defense against invading pathogens and tumor cells. Its components enhance the antibacterial activities of antibodies.
A variety of genetically determined antigens, known as agglutinogens or isoantigens, are present on the surfaces of red blood corpuscles. These antigens decide a person’s blood group.
