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Bile is a physiological fluid that is dark green to yellowish-brown in color and produced by the liver.
In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver and drained by bile canaliculi to the right and left hepatic ducts. The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct from the gall bladder joins the common hepatic duct and forms the common bile duct.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. The amount of total body calcium ranges from 1100 to 1200 g, out of which 99% is present in the skeleton, and the remaining 1% is in the tissue and body fluids.
The gut-brain axis is the biochemical signaling between the GIT and the CNS. This complex communication system ensures the proper maintenance of gastrointestinal homeostasis and has multiple effects on motivation and higher cognitive functions.
Intercellular communication refers to various methods that cells use to communicate with each other directly or indirectly through the extracellular fluid. This communication is complex and involves signaling pathways within a cell, enabling cells to respond to internal or external stimuli.
Gastrointestinal hormones are biologically active polypeptides secreted from the endocrine cells of the GIT mucosa. These hormones enter the portal circulation, then flow into the systemic circulation, and finally reach the target tissue. Some gastrointestinal hormones also function as paracrine and autocrine hormones to regulate gastrointestinal (GI) functions. They are chemical messengers.
Vital capacity (VC) is the air volume that can be expired by forceful effort, following maximal deepest possible inspiration.
The subject takes a deep breath of maximal inspiration and then breathes out forcefully. The volume of air expelled indicates vital capacity.
The total Tidal volume (TV), Inspiratory reserve(IRV), and Expiratory reserve volumes (ERV) make Vital capacity.
The complement system is crucial in the body’s defense against invading pathogens and tumor cells. Its components enhance the antibacterial activities of antibodies.
Absolute blood indices are essential in diagnosing and typing anemias. A subject’s fundamental blood values are compared with arbitrarily set typical values. Blood indices have been discarded in favor of absolute corpuscular values.
The formation of formed elements of blood is hemopoiesis. There are three types of formed elements of blood-Erythrocytes[RBC], leucocytes[WBC], and Thrombocytes [platelets].
Oxytocin is secreted mainly from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is also synthesized in peptidergic neurons of the magnocellular neurosecretory system or the hypothalmo-hypophysial neural tract.
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