The pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, parts of the duodenum proximal to the opening of the bile duct, the liver, the pancreas, and the biliary system arise from the foregut.
Category Archives: Medical topics
Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome| Cretinism
The cretinism term is (obsolete ) replaced by the word ‘congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.’ The term cretin to refer to a person suffering from cretinism is not in vogue.
Differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism is due to reduce hormone secretion by the thyroid gland for a prolonged time. Hypothyroidism is derived from the Greek words’ hypo-reduced, thyreos-shield, and eidos-‘form.’
Why some persons are giant like
Abnormal excess secretion, i.e.hypersecretion of growth hormone, causes gigantism and acromegaly.
When hypersecretion of growth hormone occurs before the fusion of the long bones epiphysis leading to tall stature, hypersecretion of growth hormone causes increases in the size of bones. Therefore, before puberty, the growth hormone increases the length of bones leading to increased height and is called gigantism.
Acromegaly: hypersecretion of growth hormone after the fusion of the long bones epiphysis, i.e., after puberty, increases bone size, especially bones of hands, feet, and face. The condition is known as acromegaly.
Conn’s syndrome
Aldosterone controls sodium and potassium levels in the blood. Excess aldosterone causes increased sodium retention in the body and increased potassium excretion from the body.
Addison’s Disease
Addison’s disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency, especially hyposecretion of glucocorticoids. The disease is named to honor Thomas Addison, an English physician and scientist who described this disease.
Plasma Protein-Rapid Revision
Plasma is blood from which formed elements of blood (red blood corpuscles (RBC), White blood corpuscles WBC)and platelets, i.e.thrombocytes) are removed.
Normal amount: 6.4 gm -8.3 gm per decilitre of blood.
Renal Clearance Formula and Its Importance
The renal clearance value of a given substance is the volume of plasma in milliliter wholly cleared of that given substance in one minute by the kidneys; it is expressed as ml per minute( ml/minute).
Clearance compares the amount of substance removed from the plasma per unit time for permanent with the amount of substance excreted in the urine permanent per minute. Plasma concentration rather than whole blood consideration is used to calculate renal clearance.
Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
In each kidney, 1 to 1.5 million nephrons are present. However, they are tiny, only 45 to 65 mm in length.
There are two types of nephrons
- Cortical nephrons, and
- Juxta -medullary nephrons
Understanding Bowman’s Capsule and Glomerulus Structure
The glomerular basement membrane is the main component of the glomerular filtration barrier and responsible for ultrafiltration by the renal corpuscles. The glomerular basement membrane provides barrier by two methods:
- Size barrier, and 2. Charge selective barrier.
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