The proper pH of the human body is maintained at a very constant level that is between 7.35 to 7.45. Therefore, a narrow range of pH is essential for normal physiological functions.A chemical system that resists change in the fluid Ph is a buffer system
Category Archives: Medical topics
What is Aquaporin
Aquaporins are integral cell membrane proteins that perform like channels for water and, in some cases, tiny solute molecules across the cell membrane.
Thalassemia
Thalassemia is a congenital blood disorder due to a defect in hemoglobin synthesis. Due to abnormal hemoglobin, red blood cells are destroyed prematurely, leading to anemia. Thalassemia was first used in 1932. Before that, it was known as Mediterranean anemia. As the disease was first recognized around the Mediterranean sea.
The Role of Progesterone in Women’s Health
A progestogen is a group of steroid hormones. Progesterone is the main progestogen. The progestogen is an essential metabolic intermediate in synthesizing other endogenous steroids like sex hormones and corticosteroids.
Estrogen |female sex hormone
Estrogen is the main female sex hormone that is secreted mainly from the ovaries. Chemically estrogens are steroids. Estrogens are secreted in all vertebrates and even in some arthropods.
Oestrogen -Estrone was isolated in 1929 for the first time.
Oestrogen originates from Ancient Greek ‘oestros’ ( a periodic state of sexual activity in female mammals) + ‘genos’ (generating). The term was used in 1920
Testosterone|Male sex hormone
The primary male sex hormone is testosterone, secreted mainly by the testis and, to some extent, by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex. In females, it is also secreted by the ovaries (though in little amount ) and zona reticularis. In males, it is responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues-testes, prostate, and secondary sexual features-increase in bone mass, muscle mass, and increased hairs.
Acute kidney injury |Acute kidney failure
AKI is described as a clinical syndrome due to a sudden (within hours to a maximum of seven days)decrease in renal function to the point that waste products accumulate in the body. AKI causes structural damage and loss of function.
Chronic kidney disease
A person with a glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/minute /1.73meter square for at least three months is diagnosed as suffering from chronic kidney disease.
Kidney damage is defined as histopathological abnormalities of the kidney or markers of damage with blood and urine abnormalities. The albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) equals or exceeds 30.
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulin (Ig) is also known as an antibody. But there are some differences. Antibodies are glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin family, and in a strict sense, antibodies are soluble secretions without B-cell receptors.
An antibody is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune
Immunity
Immunity is a complex system involving multiple systems and different types of cells and chemicals. The immune system recognizes and tolerates its tissues -whatever belongs to the self and recognizes, rejects, and destroys foreign- non-self cells.
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