A progestogen is a group of steroid hormones. Progesterone is the main progestogen. The progestogen is an essential metabolic intermediate in synthesizing other endogenous steroids like sex hormones and corticosteroids.
Category Archives: Medical topics
Estrogen |female sex hormone
Estrogen is the main female sex hormone that is secreted mainly from the ovaries. Chemically estrogens are steroids. Estrogens are secreted in all vertebrates and even in some arthropods.
Oestrogen -Estrone was isolated in 1929 for the first time.
Oestrogen originates from Ancient Greek ‘oestros’ ( a periodic state of sexual activity in female mammals) + ‘genos’ (generating). The term was used in 1920
Testosterone|Male sex hormone
The primary male sex hormone is testosterone, secreted mainly by the testis and, to some extent, by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex. In females, it is also secreted by the ovaries (though in little amount ) and zona reticularis. In males, it is responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues-testes, prostate, and secondary sexual features-increase in bone mass, muscle mass, and increased hairs.
Acute kidney injury |Acute kidney failure
AKI is described as a clinical syndrome due to a sudden (within hours to a maximum of seven days)decrease in renal function to the point that waste products accumulate in the body. AKI causes structural damage and loss of function.
Chronic kidney disease
A person with a glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/minute /1.73meter square for at least three months is diagnosed as suffering from chronic kidney disease.
Kidney damage is defined as histopathological abnormalities of the kidney or markers of damage with blood and urine abnormalities. The albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) equals or exceeds 30.
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulin (Ig) is also known as an antibody. But there are some differences. Antibodies are glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin family, and in a strict sense, antibodies are soluble secretions without B-cell receptors.
An antibody is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune
Immunity
Immunity is a complex system involving multiple systems and different types of cells and chemicals. The immune system recognizes and tolerates its tissues -whatever belongs to the self and recognizes, rejects, and destroys foreign- non-self cells.
Development of the gastrointestinal tract
The pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, parts of the duodenum proximal to the opening of the bile duct, the liver, the pancreas, and the biliary system arise from the foregut.
Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome| Cretinism
The cretinism term is (obsolete ) replaced by the word ‘congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.’ The term cretin to refer to a person suffering from cretinism is not in vogue.
Differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism is due to reduce hormone secretion by the thyroid gland for a prolonged time. Hypothyroidism is derived from the Greek words’ hypo-reduced, thyreos-shield, and eidos-‘form.’
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