Bijay Krishna

Acute kidney injury |Acute kidney failure

AKI is described as a clinical syndrome due to a sudden (within hours to a maximum of seven days)decrease in renal function to the point that waste products accumulate in the body. AKI causes structural damage and loss of function.

Chronic kidney disease

A person with a glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/minute /1.73meter square for at least three months is diagnosed as suffering from chronic kidney disease.

Kidney damage is defined as histopathological abnormalities of the kidney or markers of damage with blood and urine abnormalities. The albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) equals or exceeds 30.

Immunoglobulins

Immunoglobulin (Ig) is also known as an antibody. But there are some differences. Antibodies are glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin family, and in a strict sense, antibodies are soluble secretions without B-cell receptors.

An antibody is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune

Immunity

Immunity is a complex system involving multiple systems and different types of cells and chemicals. The immune system recognizes and tolerates its tissues -whatever belongs to the self and recognizes, rejects, and destroys foreign- non-self cells.

Development of the gastrointestinal tract

The pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, parts of the duodenum proximal to the opening of the bile duct, the liver, the pancreas, and the biliary system arise from the foregut.

Heartsound Stars

Heartbeat stars are variable, pulsatile binary star systems. They are pairs of stars that orbit and have very eccentric oval-shaped orbits. As a result, the distance between the two stars varies dramatically. The stars come close and then move away in orbit.

Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome| Cretinism

The cretinism term is (obsolete ) replaced by the word ‘congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.’ The term cretin to refer to a person suffering from cretinism is not in vogue.

Differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism is due to reduce hormone secretion by the thyroid gland for a prolonged time. Hypothyroidism is derived from the Greek words’ hypo-reduced, thyreos-shield, and eidos-‘form.’

Why some persons are giant like

Abnormal excess secretion, i.e.hypersecretion of growth hormone, causes gigantism and acromegaly.

When hypersecretion of growth hormone occurs before the fusion of the long bones epiphysis leading to tall stature, hypersecretion of growth hormone causes increases in the size of bones. Therefore, before puberty, the growth hormone increases the length of bones leading to increased height and is called gigantism.

Acromegaly: hypersecretion of growth hormone after the fusion of the long bones epiphysis, i.e., after puberty, increases bone size, especially bones of hands, feet, and face. The condition is known as acromegaly.

Conn’s syndrome

Aldosterone controls sodium and potassium levels in the blood. Excess aldosterone causes increased sodium retention in the body and increased potassium excretion from the body.